Table of Contents

Preface

1. General Information

1.1. About This Manual

1.2. Conventions Used in This Manual

1.3. Overview of MySQL AB

1.4. Overview of the MySQL Database Management System

1.4.1. History of MySQL

1.4.2. The Main Features of MySQL

1.4.3. MySQL Stability

1.4.4. How Big MySQL Tables Can Be

1.4.5. Year 2000 Compliance

1.5. MySQL Development Roadmap

1.5.1. MySQL 4.0 in a Nutshell

1.5.2. MySQL 4.1 in a Nutshell

1.5.3. What's New in MySQL 5.0

1.6. MySQL Information Sources

1.6.1. MySQL Mailing Lists

1.6.2. MySQL Community Support on IRC (Internet Relay Chat)

1.6.3. MySQL Community Support at the MySQL Forums

1.7. MySQL Standards Compliance

1.7.1. What Standards MySQL Follows

1.7.2. Selecting SQL Modes

1.7.3. Running MySQL in ANSI Mode

1.7.4. MySQL Extensions to Standard SQL

1.7.5. MySQL Differences from Standard SQL

1.7.6. How MySQL Deals with Constraints

2. Installing MySQL

2.1. General Installation Issues

2.1.1. Operating Systems Supported by MySQL

2.1.2. Choosing Which MySQL Distribution to Install

2.1.3. How to Get MySQL

2.1.4. Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG

2.1.5. Installation Layouts

2.2. Standard MySQL Installation Using a Binary Distribution

2.3. Installing MySQL on Windows

2.3.1. Windows System Requirements

2.3.2. Choosing An Installation Package

2.3.3. Installing MySQL with the Automated Installer

2.3.4. Using the MySQL Installation Wizard

2.3.5. Using the Configuration Wizard

2.3.6. Installing MySQL from a Noinstall Zip Archive

2.3.7. Extracting the Install Archive

2.3.8. Creating an Option File

2.3.9. Selecting a MySQL Server type

2.3.10. Starting the Server for the First Time

2.3.11. Starting MySQL from the Windows Command Line

2.3.12. Starting MySQL as a Windows Service

2.3.13. Testing The MySQL Installation

2.3.14. Troubleshooting a MySQL Installation Under Windows

2.3.15. Upgrading MySQL on Windows

2.3.16. MySQL on Windows Compared to MySQL on Unix

2.4. Installing MySQL on Linux

2.5. Installing MySQL on Mac OS X

2.6. Installing MySQL on NetWare

2.7. Installing MySQL on Other Unix-Like Systems

2.8. MySQL Installation Using a Source Distribution

2.8.1. Source Installation Overview

2.8.2. Typical configure Options

2.8.3. Installing from the Development Source Tree

2.8.4. Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL

2.8.5. MIT-pthreads Notes

2.8.6. Installing MySQL from Source on Windows

2.8.7. Compiling MySQL Clients on Windows

2.9. Post-Installation Setup and Testing

2.9.1. Windows Post-Installation Procedures

2.9.2. Unix Post-Installation Procedures

2.9.3. Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts

2.10. Upgrading MySQL

2.10.1. Upgrading from Version 4.1 to 5.0

2.10.2. Upgrading from Version 4.0 to 4.1

2.10.3. Upgrading from Version 3.23 to 4.0

2.10.4. Upgrading from Version 3.22 to 3.23

2.10.5. Upgrading from Version 3.21 to 3.22

2.10.6. Upgrading from Version 3.20 to 3.21

2.10.7. Upgrading the Grant Tables

2.10.8. Copying MySQL Databases to Another Machine

2.11. Downgrading MySQL

2.11.1. Downgrading to 4.1

2.11.2. Downgrading to 4.0

2.12. Operating System-Specific Notes

2.12.1. Linux Notes

2.12.2. Mac OS X Notes

2.12.3. Solaris Notes

2.12.4. BSD Notes

2.12.5. Other Unix Notes

2.12.6. OS/2 Notes

2.12.7. BeOS Notes

2.13. Perl Installation Notes

2.13.1. Installing Perl on Unix

2.13.2. Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows

2.13.3. Problems Using the Perl DBI/DBD Interface

3. MySQL Tutorial

3.1. Connecting to and Disconnecting from the Server

3.2. Entering Queries

3.3. Creating and Using a Database

3.3.1. Creating and Selecting a Database

3.3.2. Creating a Table

3.3.3. Loading Data into a Table

3.3.4. Retrieving Information from a Table

3.4. Getting Information About Databases and Tables

3.5. Using mysql in Batch Mode

3.6. Examples of Common Queries

3.6.1. The Maximum Value for a Column

3.6.2. The Row Holding the Maximum of a Certain Column

3.6.3. Maximum of Column per Group

3.6.4. The Rows Holding the Group-wise Maximum of a Certain Field

3.6.5. Using User Variables

3.6.6. Using Foreign Keys

3.6.7. Searching on Two Keys

3.6.8. Calculating Visits Per Day

3.6.9. Using AUTO_INCREMENT

3.7. Queries from the Twin Project

3.7.1. Find All Non-distributed Twins

3.7.2. Show a Table of Twin Pair Status

3.8. Using MySQL with Apache

4. Using MySQL Programs

4.1. Overview of MySQL Programs

4.2. Invoking MySQL Programs

4.3. Specifying Program Options

4.3.1. Using Options on the Command Line

4.3.2. Using Option Files

4.3.3. Using Environment Variables to Specify Options

4.3.4. Using Options to Set Program Variables

5. Database Administration

5.1. The MySQL Server and Server Startup Scripts

5.1.1. Overview of the Server-Side Scripts and Utilities

5.1.2. The mysqld-max Extended MySQL Server

5.1.3. The mysqld_safe Server Startup Script

5.1.4. The mysql.server Server Startup Script

5.1.5. The mysqld_multi Program for Managing Multiple MySQL Servers

5.2. The MySQL Instance Manager

5.2.1. Starting the MySQL Server with MySQL Instance Manager

5.2.2. Connecting to the MySQL Instance Manager and Creating User Accounts

5.2.3. MySQL Instance Manager Command-Line Options

5.2.4. MySQL Instance Manager Configuration Files

5.2.5. Commands Recognized by the MySQL Instance Manager

5.3. Configuring the MySQL Server

5.3.1. mysqld Command-Line Options

5.3.2. The Server SQL Mode

5.3.3. Server System Variables

5.3.4. Server Status Variables

5.4. The MySQL Server Shutdown Process

5.5. General Security Issues

5.5.1. General Security Guidelines

5.5.2. Making MySQL Secure Against Attackers

5.5.3. Startup Options for mysqld Concerning Security

5.5.4. Security Issues with LOAD DATA LOCAL

5.6. The MySQL Access Privilege System

5.6.1. What the Privilege System Does

5.6.2. How the Privilege System Works

5.6.3. Privileges Provided by MySQL

5.6.4. Connecting to the MySQL Server

5.6.5. Access Control, Stage 1: Connection Verification

5.6.6. Access Control, Stage 2: Request Verification

5.6.7. When Privilege Changes Take Effect

5.6.8. Causes of Access denied Errors

5.6.9. Password Hashing in MySQL 4.1

5.7. MySQL User Account Management

5.7.1. MySQL Usernames and Passwords

5.7.2. Adding New User Accounts to MySQL

5.7.3. Removing User Accounts from MySQL

5.7.4. Limiting Account Resources

5.7.5. Assigning Account Passwords

5.7.6. Keeping Your Password Secure

5.7.7. Using Secure Connections

5.8. Disaster Prevention and Recovery

5.8.1. Database Backups

5.8.2. Example Backup and Recovery Strategy

5.8.3. Table Maintenance and Crash Recovery

5.8.4. Setting Up a Table Maintenance Schedule

5.8.5. Getting Information About a Table

5.9. MySQL Localization and International Usage

5.9.1. The Character Set Used for Data and Sorting

5.9.2. Setting the Error Message Language

5.9.3. Adding a New Character Set

5.9.4. The Character Definition Arrays

5.9.5. String Collating Support

5.9.6. Multi-Byte Character Support

5.9.7. Problems With Character Sets

5.9.8. MySQL Server Time Zone Support

5.10. The MySQL Log Files

5.10.1. The Error Log

5.10.2. The General Query Log

5.10.3. The Update Log

5.10.4. The Binary Log

5.10.5. The Slow Query Log

5.10.6. Log File Maintenance

5.11. Running Multiple MySQL Servers on the Same Machine

5.11.1. Running Multiple Servers on Windows

5.11.2. Running Multiple Servers on Unix

5.11.3. Using Client Programs in a Multiple-Server Environment

5.12. The MySQL Query Cache

5.12.1. How the Query Cache Operates

5.12.2. Query Cache SELECT Options

5.12.3. Query Cache Configuration

5.12.4. Query Cache Status and Maintenance

6. Replication in MySQL

6.1. Introduction to Replication

6.2. Replication Implementation Overview

6.3. Replication Implementation Details

6.3.1. Replication Master Thread States

6.3.2. Replication Slave I/O Thread States

6.3.3. Replication Slave SQL Thread States

6.3.4. Replication Relay and Status Files

6.4. How to Set Up Replication

6.5. Replication Compatibility Between MySQL Versions

6.6. Upgrading a Replication Setup

6.6.1. Upgrading Replication to 4.0 or 4.1

6.6.2. Upgrading Replication to 5.0

6.7. Replication Features and Known Problems

6.8. Replication Startup Options

6.9. Replication FAQ

6.10. Troubleshooting Replication

6.11. Reporting Replication Bugs

7. MySQL Optimization

7.1. Optimization Overview

7.1.1. MySQL Design Limitations and Tradeoffs

7.1.2. Designing Applications for Portability

7.1.3. What We Have Used MySQL For

7.1.4. The MySQL Benchmark Suite

7.1.5. Using Your Own Benchmarks

7.2. Optimizing SELECT Statements and Other Queries

7.2.1. EXPLAIN Syntax (Get Information About a SELECT)

7.2.2. Estimating Query Performance

7.2.3. Speed of SELECT Queries

7.2.4. How MySQL Optimizes WHERE Clauses

7.2.5. Range Optimization

7.2.6. Index Merge Optimization

7.2.7. How MySQL Optimizes IS NULL

7.2.8. How MySQL Optimizes DISTINCT

7.2.9. How MySQL Optimizes LEFT JOIN and RIGHT JOIN

7.2.10. How MySQL Optimizes ORDER BY

7.2.11. How MySQL Optimizes GROUP BY

7.2.12. How MySQL Optimizes LIMIT

7.2.13. How to Avoid Table Scans

7.2.14. Speed of INSERT Statements

7.2.15. Speed of UPDATE Statements

7.2.16. Speed of DELETE Statements

7.2.17. Other Optimization Tips

7.3. Locking Issues

7.3.1. Locking Methods

7.3.2. Table Locking Issues

7.4. Optimizing Database Structure

7.4.1. Design Choices

7.4.2. Make Your Data as Small as Possible

7.4.3. Column Indexes

7.4.4. Multiple-Column Indexes

7.4.5. How MySQL Uses Indexes

7.4.6. The MyISAM Key Cache

7.4.7. How MySQL Counts Open Tables

7.4.8. How MySQL Opens and Closes Tables

7.4.9. Drawbacks to Creating Many Tables in the Same Database

7.5. Optimizing the MySQL Server

7.5.1. System Factors and Startup Parameter Tuning

7.5.2. Tuning Server Parameters

7.5.3. Controlling Query Optimizer Performance

7.5.4. How Compiling and Linking Affects the Speed of MySQL

7.5.5. How MySQL Uses Memory

7.5.6. How MySQL Uses DNS

7.6. Disk Issues

7.6.1. Using Symbolic Links

8. MySQL Client and Utility Programs

8.1. Overview of the Client-Side Scripts and Utilities

8.2. myisampack, the MySQL Compressed Read-only Table Generator

8.3. mysql, the Command-Line Tool

8.3.1. mysql Commands

8.3.2. Executing SQL Statements from a Text File

8.3.3. mysql Tips

8.4. mysqladmin, Administering a MySQL Server

8.5. The mysqlbinlog Binary Log Utility

8.6. mysqlcc, the MySQL Control Center

8.7. The mysqlcheck Table Maintenance and Repair Program

8.8. The mysqldump Database Backup Program

8.9. The mysqlhotcopy Database Backup Program

8.10. The mysqlimport Data Import Program

8.11. mysqlshow, Showing Databases, Tables, and Columns

8.12. perror, Explaining Error Codes

8.13. The replace String-Replacement Utility

9. Language Structure

9.1. Literal Values

9.1.1. Strings

9.1.2. Numbers

9.1.3. Hexadecimal Values

9.1.4. Boolean Values

9.1.5. Bit-Field Values

9.1.6. NULL Values

9.2. Database, Table, Index, Column, and Alias Names

9.2.1. Identifier Qualifiers

9.2.2. Identifier Case Sensitivity

9.3. User Variables

9.4. System Variables

9.4.1. Structured System Variables

9.5. Comment Syntax

9.6. Treatment of Reserved Words in MySQL

10. Character Set Support

10.1. Character Sets and Collations in General

10.2. Character Sets and Collations in MySQL

10.3. Determining the Default Character Set and Collation

10.3.1. Server Character Set and Collation

10.3.2. Database Character Set and Collation

10.3.3. Table Character Set and Collation

10.3.4. Column Character Set and Collation

10.3.5. Examples of Character Set and Collation Assignment

10.3.6. Connection Character Sets and Collations

10.3.7. Character String Literal Character Set and Collation

10.3.8. Using COLLATE in SQL Statements

10.3.9. COLLATE Clause Precedence

10.3.10. BINARY Operator

10.3.11. Some Special Cases Where the Collation Determination Is Tricky

10.3.12. Collations Must Be for the Right Character Set

10.3.13. An Example of the Effect of Collation

10.4. Operations Affected by Character Set Support

10.4.1. Result Strings

10.4.2. CONVERT()

10.4.3. CAST()

10.4.4. SHOW Statements

10.5. Unicode Support

10.6. UTF8 for Metadata

10.7. Compatibility with Other DBMSs

10.8. New Character Set Configuration File Format

10.9. National Character Set

10.10. Upgrading Character Sets from MySQL 4.0

10.10.1. 4.0 Character Sets and Corresponding 4.1 Character Set/Collation Pairs

10.10.2. Converting 4.0 Character Columns to 4.1 Format

10.11. Character Sets and Collations That MySQL Supports

10.11.1. Unicode Character Sets

10.11.2. West European Character Sets

10.11.3. Central European Character Sets

10.11.4. South European and Middle East Character Sets

10.11.5. Baltic Character Sets

10.11.6. Cyrillic Character Sets

10.11.7. Asian Character Sets

11. Column Types

11.1. Column Type Overview

11.1.1. Overview of Numeric Types

11.1.2. Overview of Date and Time Types

11.1.3. Overview of String Types

11.2. Numeric Types

11.3. Date and Time Types

11.3.1. The DATETIME, DATE, and TIMESTAMP Types

11.3.2. The TIME Type

11.3.3. The YEAR Type

11.3.4. Y2K Issues and Date Types

11.4. String Types

11.4.1. The CHAR and VARCHAR Types

11.4.2. The BINARY and VARBINARY Types

11.4.3. The BLOB and TEXT Types

11.4.4. The ENUM Type

11.4.5. The SET Type

11.5. Column Type Storage Requirements

11.6. Choosing the Right Type for a Column

11.7. Using Column Types from Other Database Engines

12. Functions and Operators

12.1. Operators

12.1.1. Operator Precedence

12.1.2. Parentheses

12.1.3. Comparison Functions and Operators

12.1.4. Logical Operators

12.2. Control Flow Functions

12.3. String Functions

12.3.1. String Comparison Functions

12.4. Numeric Functions

12.4.1. Arithmetic Operators

12.4.2. Mathematical Functions

12.5. Date and Time Functions

12.6. What Calendar Is Used By MySQL?

12.7. Full-Text Search Functions

12.7.1. Boolean Full-Text Searches

12.7.2. Full-Text Searches with Query Expansion

12.7.3. Full-Text Restrictions

12.7.4. Fine-Tuning MySQL Full-Text Search

12.7.5. Full-Text Search TODO

12.8. Cast Functions and Operators

12.9. Other Functions

12.9.1. Bit Functions

12.9.2. Encryption Functions

12.9.3. Information Functions

12.9.4. Miscellaneous Functions

12.10. Functions and Modifiers for Use with GROUP BY Clauses

12.10.1. GROUP BY (Aggregate) Functions

12.10.2. GROUP BY Modifiers

12.10.3. GROUP BY with Hidden Fields

13. SQL Statement Syntax

13.1. Data Definition Statements

13.1.1. ALTER DATABASE Syntax

13.1.2. ALTER TABLE Syntax

13.1.3. CREATE DATABASE Syntax

13.1.4. CREATE INDEX Syntax

13.1.5. CREATE TABLE Syntax

13.1.6. DROP DATABASE Syntax

13.1.7. DROP INDEX Syntax

13.1.8. DROP TABLE Syntax

13.1.9. RENAME TABLE Syntax

13.2. Data Manipulation Statements

13.2.1. DELETE Syntax

13.2.2. DO Syntax

13.2.3. HANDLER Syntax

13.2.4. INSERT Syntax

13.2.5. LOAD DATA INFILE Syntax

13.2.6. REPLACE Syntax

13.2.7. SELECT Syntax

13.2.8. Subquery Syntax

13.2.9. TRUNCATE Syntax

13.2.10. UPDATE Syntax

13.3. MySQL Utility Statements

13.3.1. DESCRIBE Syntax (Get Information About Columns)

13.3.2. USE Syntax

13.4. MySQL Transactional and Locking Statements

13.4.1. START TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK Syntax

13.4.2. Statements That Cannot Be Rolled Back

13.4.3. Statements That Cause an Implicit Commit

13.4.4. SAVEPOINT and ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT Syntax

13.4.5. LOCK TABLES and UNLOCK TABLES Syntax

13.4.6. SET TRANSACTION Syntax

13.5. Database Administration Statements

13.5.1. Account Management Statements

13.5.2. Table Maintenance Statements

13.5.3. SET Syntax

13.5.4. SHOW Syntax

13.5.5. Other Administrative Statements

13.6. Replication Statements

13.6.1. SQL Statements for Controlling Master Servers

13.6.2. SQL Statements for Controlling Slave Servers

13.7. SQL Syntax for Prepared Statements

14. MySQL Storage Engines and Table Types

14.1. The MyISAM Storage Engine

14.1.1. MyISAM Startup Options

14.1.2. Space Needed for Keys

14.1.3. MyISAM Table Storage Formats

14.1.4. MyISAM Table Problems

14.2. The MERGE Storage Engine

14.2.1. MERGE Table Problems

14.3. The MEMORY (HEAP) Storage Engine

14.4. The BDB (BerkeleyDB) Storage Engine

14.4.1. Operating Systems Supported by BDB

14.4.2. Installing BDB

14.4.3. BDB Startup Options

14.4.4. Characteristics of BDB Tables

14.4.5. Things We Need to Fix for BDB

14.4.6. Restrictions on BDB Tables

14.4.7. Errors That May Occur When Using BDB Tables

14.5. The EXAMPLE Storage Engine

14.6. The FEDERATED Storage Engine

14.6.1. Installing the FEDERATED Storage Engine

14.6.2. Description of the FEDERATED Storage Engine

14.6.3. How to use FEDERATED Tables

14.6.4. Limitations of the FEDERATED Storage Engine

14.7. The ARCHIVE Storage Engine

14.8. The CSV Storage Engine

14.9. The ISAM Storage Engine

15. The InnoDB Storage Engine

15.1. InnoDB Overview

15.2. InnoDB Contact Information

15.3. InnoDB in MySQL 3.23

15.4. InnoDB Configuration

15.5. InnoDB Startup Options

15.6. Creating the InnoDB Tablespace

15.6.1. Dealing with InnoDB Initialization Problems

15.7. Creating InnoDB Tables

15.7.1. How to Use Transactions in InnoDB with Different APIs

15.7.2. Converting MyISAM Tables to InnoDB

15.7.3. How an AUTO_INCREMENT Column Works in InnoDB

15.7.4. FOREIGN KEY Constraints

15.7.5. InnoDB and MySQL Replication

15.7.6. Using Per-Table Tablespaces

15.8. Adding and Removing InnoDB Data and Log Files

15.9. Backing Up and Recovering an InnoDB Database

15.9.1. Forcing Recovery

15.9.2. Checkpoints

15.10. Moving an InnoDB Database to Another Machine

15.11. InnoDB Transaction Model and Locking

15.11.1. InnoDB Lock Modes

15.11.2. InnoDB and AUTOCOMMIT

15.11.3. InnoDB and TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL

15.11.4. Consistent Non-Locking Read

15.11.5. Locking Reads SELECT ... FOR UPDATE and SELECT ... LOCK IN SHARE MODE

15.11.6. Next-Key Locking: Avoiding the Phantom Problem

15.11.7. An Example of How the Consistent Read Works in InnoDB

15.11.8. Locks Set by Different SQL Statements in InnoDB

15.11.9. When Does MySQL Implicitly Commit or Roll Back a Transaction?

15.11.10. Deadlock Detection and Rollback

15.11.11. How to Cope with Deadlocks

15.12. InnoDB Performance Tuning Tips

15.12.1. SHOW INNODB STATUS and the InnoDB Monitors

15.13. Implementation of Multi-Versioning

15.14. Table and Index Structures

15.14.1. Physical Structure of an Index

15.14.2. Insert Buffering

15.14.3. Adaptive Hash Indexes

15.14.4. Physical Record Structure

15.15. File Space Management and Disk I/O

15.15.1. Disk I/O

15.15.2. Using Raw Devices for the Tablespace

15.15.3. File Space Management

15.15.4. Defragmenting a Table

15.16. InnoDB Error Handling

15.16.1. InnoDB Error Codes

15.16.2. Operating System Error Codes

15.17. Restrictions on InnoDB Tables

15.18. InnoDB Troubleshooting

15.18.1. Troubleshooting InnoDB Data Dictionary Operations

16. MySQL Cluster

16.1. MySQL Cluster Overview

16.2. Basic MySQL Cluster Concepts

16.3. Simple Multi-Computer How-To

16.3.1. Hardware, Software, and Networking

16.3.2. Installation

16.3.3. Configuration

16.3.4. Initial Startup

16.3.5. Loading Sample Data and Performing Queries

16.3.6. Safe Shutdown and Restart

16.4. MySQL Cluster Configuration

16.4.1. Building from Source Code

16.4.2. Installing the Software

16.4.3. Quick Test Setup of MySQL Cluster

16.4.4. Configuration File

16.5. Process Management in MySQL Cluster

16.5.1. MySQL Server Process Usage for MySQL Cluster

16.5.2. ndbd, the Storage Engine Node Process

16.5.3. ndb_mgmd, the Management Server Process

16.5.4. ndb_mgm, the Management Client Process

16.5.5. Command Options for MySQL Cluster Processes

16.6. Management of MySQL Cluster

16.6.1. Commands in the Management Client

16.6.2. Event Reports Generated in MySQL Cluster

16.6.3. Single User Mode

16.6.4. On-line Backup of MySQL Cluster

16.7. Using High-Speed Interconnects with MySQL Cluster

16.7.1. Configuring MySQL Cluster to use SCI Sockets

16.7.2. Understanding the Impact of Cluster Interconnects

16.8. Cluster Limitations in MySQL 4.1

16.9. MySQL Cluster in 5.0 and 5.1

16.9.1. MySQL Cluster Changes in MySQL 5.0

16.9.2. MySQL 5.1 Development Roadmap for MySQL Cluster

16.10. MySQL Cluster FAQ

16.11. MySQL Cluster Glossary

17. Introduction to MaxDB

17.1. History of MaxDB

17.2. Licensing and Support

17.3. MaxDB-Related Links

17.4. Basic Concepts of MaxDB

17.5. Feature Differences Between MaxDB and MySQL

17.6. Interoperability Features Between MaxDB and MySQL

17.7. Reserved Words in MaxDB

18. Spatial Extensions in MySQL

18.1. Introduction

18.2. The OpenGIS Geometry Model

18.2.1. The Geometry Class Hierarchy

18.2.2. Class Geometry

18.2.3. Class Point

18.2.4. Class Curve

18.2.5. Class LineString

18.2.6. Class Surface

18.2.7. Class Polygon

18.2.8. Class GeometryCollection

18.2.9. Class MultiPoint

18.2.10. Class MultiCurve

18.2.11. Class MultiLineString

18.2.12. Class MultiSurface

18.2.13. Class MultiPolygon

18.3. Supported Spatial Data Formats

18.3.1. Well-Known Text (WKT) Format

18.3.2. Well-Known Binary (WKB) Format

18.4. Creating a Spatially Enabled MySQL Database

18.4.1. MySQL Spatial Data Types

18.4.2. Creating Spatial Values

18.4.3. Creating Spatial Columns

18.4.4. Populating Spatial Columns

18.4.5. Fetching Spatial Data

18.5. Analyzing Spatial Information

18.5.1. Geometry Format Conversion Functions

18.5.2. Geometry Functions

18.5.3. Functions That Create New Geometries from Existing Ones

18.5.4. Functions for Testing Spatial Relations Between Geometric Objects

18.5.5. Relations on Geometry Minimal Bounding Rectangles (MBRs)

18.5.6. Functions That Test Spatial Relationships Between Geometries

18.6. Optimizing Spatial Analysis

18.6.1. Creating Spatial Indexes

18.6.2. Using a Spatial Index

18.7. MySQL Conformance and Compatibility

18.7.1. GIS Features That Are Not Yet Implemented

19. Stored Procedures and Functions

19.1. Stored Procedures and the Grant Tables

19.2. Stored Procedure Syntax

19.2.1. CREATE PROCEDURE and CREATE FUNCTION

19.2.2. ALTER PROCEDURE and ALTER FUNCTION

19.2.3. DROP PROCEDURE and DROP FUNCTION

19.2.4. SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE and SHOW CREATE FUNCTION

19.2.5. SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS and SHOW FUNCTION STATUS

19.2.6. CALL Statement

19.2.7. BEGIN ... END Compound Statement

19.2.8. DECLARE Statement

19.2.9. Variables in Stored Procedures

19.2.10. Conditions and Handlers

19.2.11. Cursors

19.2.12. Flow Control Constructs

19.3. Binary Logging of Stored Routines and Triggers

20. Triggers

20.1. CREATE TRIGGER Syntax

20.2. DROP TRIGGER Syntax

20.3. Using Triggers

21. Views

21.1. ALTER VIEW Syntax

21.2. CREATE VIEW Syntax

21.3. DROP VIEW Syntax

21.4. SHOW CREATE VIEW Syntax

22. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA Information Database

22.1. INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables

22.1.1. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMATA Table

22.1.2. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLES Table

22.1.3. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMNS Table

22.1.4. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA STATISTICS Table

22.1.5. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA USER_PRIVILEGES Table

22.1.6. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES Table

22.1.7. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_PRIVILEGES Table

22.1.8. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMN_PRIVILEGES Table

22.1.9. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA CHARACTER_SETS Table

22.1.10. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATIONS Table

22.1.11. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY Table

22.1.12. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_CONSTRAINTS Table

22.1.13. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA KEY_COLUMN_USAGE Table

22.1.14. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ROUTINES Table

22.1.15. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA VIEWS Table

22.1.16. Other INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables

22.2. Extensions to SHOW Statements

23. Precision Math

23.1. Types of Numeric Values

23.2. DECIMAL Data Type Changes

23.3. Expression Handling

23.4. Rounding Behavior

23.5. Precision Math Examples

24. MySQL APIs

24.1. MySQL Program Development Utilities

24.1.1. msql2mysql, Convert mSQL Programs for Use with MySQL

24.1.2. mysql_config, Get compile options for compiling clients

24.2. MySQL C API

24.2.1. C API Data types

24.2.2. C API Function Overview

24.2.3. C API Function Descriptions

24.2.4. C API Prepared Statements

24.2.5. C API Prepared Statement Data types

24.2.6. C API Prepared Statement Function Overview

24.2.7. C API Prepared Statement Function Descriptions

24.2.8. C API Prepared statement problems

24.2.9. C API Handling of Multiple Query Execution

24.2.10. C API Handling of Date and Time Values

24.2.11. C API Threaded Function Descriptions

24.2.12. C API Embedded Server Function Descriptions

24.2.13. Common questions and problems when using the C API

24.2.14. Building Client Programs

24.2.15. How to Make a Threaded Client

24.2.16. libmysqld, the Embedded MySQL Server Library

24.3. MySQL PHP API

24.3.1. Common Problems with MySQL and PHP

24.4. MySQL Perl API

24.5. MySQL C++ API

24.5.1. Borland C++

24.6. MySQL Python API

24.7. MySQL Tcl API

24.8. MySQL Eiffel Wrapper

25. MySQL Connectors

25.1. MySQL ODBC Support

25.1.1. Introduction to MyODBC

25.1.2. General Information About ODBC and MyODBC

25.1.3. How to Install MyODBC

25.1.4. Installing MyODBC from a Binary Distribution on Windows

25.1.5. Installing MyODBC from a Binary Distribution on Unix

25.1.6. Installing MyODBC from a Source Distribution on Windows

25.1.7. Installing MyODBC from a Source Distribution on Unix

25.1.8. Installing MyODBC from the BitKeeper Development Source Tree

25.1.9. MyODBC Configuration

25.1.10. MyODBC Connection-Related Issues

25.1.11. MyODBC and Microsoft Access

25.1.12. MyODBC and Microsoft VBA and ASP

25.1.13. MyODBC and Third-Party ODBC Tools

25.1.14. MyODBC General Functionality

25.1.15. Basic MyODBC Application Steps

25.1.16. MyODBC API Reference

25.1.17. MyODBC Data Types

25.1.18. MyODBC Error Codes

25.1.19. MyODBC With VB: ADO, DAO and RDO

25.1.20. MyODBC with Microsoft .NET

25.1.21. Credits

25.2. MySQL Java Connectivity (JDBC)

26. Error Handling in MySQL

27. Extending MySQL

27.1. MySQL Internals

27.1.1. MySQL Threads

27.1.2. MySQL Test Suite

27.2. Adding New Functions to MySQL

27.2.1. Features of the User-Defined Function Interface

27.2.2. CREATE FUNCTION/DROP FUNCTION Syntax

27.2.3. Adding a New User-defined Function

27.2.4. Adding a New Native Function

27.3. Adding New Procedures to MySQL

27.3.1. Procedure Analyse

27.3.2. Writing a Procedure

A. Problems and Common Errors

A.1. How to Determine What Is Causing a Problem

A.2. Common Errors When Using MySQL Programs

A.2.1. Access denied

A.2.2. Can't connect to [local] MySQL server

A.2.3. Client does not support authentication protocol

A.2.4. Password Fails When Entered Interactively

A.2.5. Host 'host_name' is blocked

A.2.6. Too many connections

A.2.7. Out of memory

A.2.8. MySQL server has gone away

A.2.9. Packet too large

A.2.10. Communication Errors and Aborted Connections

A.2.11. The table is full

A.2.12. Can't create/write to file

A.2.13. Commands out of sync

A.2.14. Ignoring user

A.2.15. Table 'tbl_name' doesn't exist

A.2.16. Can't initialize character set

A.2.17. File Not Found

A.3. Installation-Related Issues

A.3.1. Problems Linking to the MySQL Client Library

A.3.2. How to Run MySQL as a Normal User

A.3.3. Problems with File Permissions

A.4. Administration-Related Issues

A.4.1. How to Reset the Root Password

A.4.2. What to Do If MySQL Keeps Crashing

A.4.3. How MySQL Handles a Full Disk

A.4.4. Where MySQL Stores Temporary Files

A.4.5. How to Protect or Change the MySQL Socket File /tmp/mysql.sock

A.4.6. Time Zone Problems

A.5. Query-Related Issues

A.5.1. Case Sensitivity in Searches

A.5.2. Problems Using DATE Columns

A.5.3. Problems with NULL Values

A.5.4. Problems with Column Aliases

A.5.5. Rollback Failure for Non-Transactional Tables

A.5.6. Deleting Rows from Related Tables

A.5.7. Solving Problems with No Matching Rows

A.5.8. Problems with Floating-Point Comparisons

A.6. Optimizer-Related Issues

A.7. Table Definition-Related Issues

A.7.1. Problems with ALTER TABLE

A.7.2. How to Change the Order of Columns in a Table

A.7.3. TEMPORARY TABLE Problems

A.8. Known Issues in MySQL

A.8.1. Issues in MySQL 3.23 Fixed in a Later MySQL Version

A.8.2. Issues in 4.0 Fixed in a Later MySQL Version

A.8.3. Issues in 4.1 Fixed in a Later MySQL Version

A.8.4. Open Issues in MySQL

B. Credits

B.1. Developers at MySQL AB

B.2. Contributors to MySQL

B.3. Documenters and translators

B.4. Libraries used by and included with MySQL

B.5. Packages that support MySQL

B.6. Tools that were used to create MySQL

B.7. Supporters of MySQL

C. MySQL and the Future (the TODO)

C.1. New Features in MySQL 5.0

C.2. New Features Planned for 5.1

C.3. New Features Planned for the Near Future

C.4. New Features Planned for the Mid-Term Future

C.5. New Features We Don't Plan to Implement

D. MySQL Change History

D.1. Changes in release 5.0.x (Development)

D.1.1. Changes in release 5.0.10 (Not yet released)

D.1.2. Changes in release 5.0.9 (Not yet released)

D.1.3. Changes in release 5.0.8 (not released)

D.1.4. Changes in release 5.0.7 (10 June 2005)

D.1.5. Changes in release 5.0.6 (26 May 2005)

D.1.6. Changes in release 5.0.5 (not released)

D.1.7. Changes in release 5.0.4 (16 Apr 2005)

D.1.8. Changes in release 5.0.3 (23 Mar 2005: Beta)

D.1.9. Changes in release 5.0.2 (01 Dec 2004)

D.1.10. Changes in release 5.0.1 (27 Jul 2004)

D.1.11. Changes in release 5.0.0 (22 Dec 2003: Alpha)

D.2. Changes in release 4.1.x (Production)

D.2.1. Changes in release 4.1.13 (not released yet)

D.2.2. Changes in release 4.1.12 (13 May 2005)

D.2.3. Changes in release 4.1.11 (01 Apr 2005)

D.2.4. Changes in release 4.1.10 (12 Feb 2005)

D.2.5. Changes in release 4.1.9 (11 Jan 2005)

D.2.6. Changes in release 4.1.8 (14 Dec 2004)

D.2.7. Changes in release 4.1.7 (23 Oct 2004: Production)

D.2.8. Changes in release 4.1.6 (10 Oct 2004)

D.2.9. Changes in release 4.1.5 (16 Sep 2004)

D.2.10. Changes in release 4.1.4 (26 Aug 2004: Gamma)

D.2.11. Changes in release 4.1.3 (28 Jun 2004: Beta)

D.2.12. Changes in release 4.1.2 (28 May 2004)

D.2.13. Changes in release 4.1.1 (01 Dec 2003)

D.2.14. Changes in release 4.1.0 (03 Apr 2003: Alpha)

D.3. Changes in release 4.0.x (Production)

D.3.1. Changes in release 4.0.25 (not released yet)

D.3.2. Changes in release 4.0.24 (04 Mar 2005)

D.3.3. Changes in release 4.0.23 (18 Dec 2004)

D.3.4. Changes in release 4.0.22 (27 Oct 2004)

D.3.5. Changes in release 4.0.21 (06 Sep 2004)

D.3.6. Changes in release 4.0.20 (17 May 2004)

D.3.7. Changes in release 4.0.19 (04 May 2004)

D.3.8. Changes in release 4.0.18 (12 Feb 2004)

D.3.9. Changes in release 4.0.17 (14 Dec 2003)

D.3.10. Changes in release 4.0.16 (17 Oct 2003)

D.3.11. Changes in release 4.0.15 (03 Sep 2003)

D.3.12. Changes in release 4.0.14 (18 Jul 2003)

D.3.13. Changes in release 4.0.13 (16 May 2003)

D.3.14. Changes in release 4.0.12 (15 Mar 2003: Production)

D.3.15. Changes in release 4.0.11 (20 Feb 2003)

D.3.16. Changes in release 4.0.10 (29 Jan 2003)

D.3.17. Changes in release 4.0.9 (09 Jan 2003)

D.3.18. Changes in release 4.0.8 (07 Jan 2003)

D.3.19. Changes in release 4.0.7 (20 Dec 2002)

D.3.20. Changes in release 4.0.6 (14 Dec 2002: Gamma)

D.3.21. Changes in release 4.0.5 (13 Nov 2002)

D.3.22. Changes in release 4.0.4 (29 Sep 2002)

D.3.23. Changes in release 4.0.3 (26 Aug 2002: Beta)

D.3.24. Changes in release 4.0.2 (01 Jul 2002)

D.3.25. Changes in release 4.0.1 (23 Dec 2001)

D.3.26. Changes in release 4.0.0 (Oct 2001: Alpha)

D.4. Changes in release 3.23.x (Recent; still supported)

D.4.1. Changes in release 3.23.59 (not released yet)

D.4.2. Changes in release 3.23.58 (11 Sep 2003)

D.4.3. Changes in release 3.23.57 (06 Jun 2003)

D.4.4. Changes in release 3.23.56 (13 Mar 2003)

D.4.5. Changes in release 3.23.55 (23 Jan 2003)

D.4.6. Changes in release 3.23.54 (05 Dec 2002)

D.4.7. Changes in release 3.23.53 (09 Oct 2002)

D.4.8. Changes in release 3.23.52 (14 Aug 2002)

D.4.9. Changes in release 3.23.51 (31 May 2002)

D.4.10. Changes in release 3.23.50 (21 Apr 2002)

D.4.11. Changes in release 3.23.49 (14 Feb 2002)

D.4.12. Changes in release 3.23.48 (07 Feb 2002)

D.4.13. Changes in release 3.23.47 (27 Dec 2001)

D.4.14. Changes in release 3.23.46 (29 Nov 2001)

D.4.15. Changes in release 3.23.45 (22 Nov 2001)

D.4.16. Changes in release 3.23.44 (31 Oct 2001)

D.4.17. Changes in release 3.23.43 (04 Oct 2001)

D.4.18. Changes in release 3.23.42 (08 Sep 2001)

D.4.19. Changes in release 3.23.41 (11 Aug 2001)

D.4.20. Changes in release 3.23.40 (18 Jul 2001)

D.4.21. Changes in release 3.23.39 (12 Jun 2001)

D.4.22. Changes in release 3.23.38 (09 May 2001)

D.4.23. Changes in release 3.23.37 (17 Apr 2001)

D.4.24. Changes in release 3.23.36 (27 Mar 2001)

D.4.25. Changes in release 3.23.35 (15 Mar 2001)

D.4.26. Changes in release 3.23.34a (11 Mar 2001)

D.4.27. Changes in release 3.23.34 (10 Mar 2001)

D.4.28. Changes in release 3.23.33 (09 Feb 2001)

D.4.29. Changes in release 3.23.32 (22 Jan 2001)

D.4.30. Changes in release 3.23.31 (17 Jan 2001: Production)

D.4.31. Changes in release 3.23.30 (04 Jan 2001)

D.4.32. Changes in release 3.23.29 (16 Dec 2000)

D.4.33. Changes in release 3.23.28 (22 Nov 2000: Gamma)

D.4.34. Changes in release 3.23.27 (24 Oct 2000)

D.4.35. Changes in release 3.23.26 (18 Oct 2000)

D.4.36. Changes in release 3.23.25 (29 Sep 2000)

D.4.37. Changes in release 3.23.24 (08 Sep 2000)

D.4.38. Changes in release 3.23.23 (01 Sep 2000)

D.4.39. Changes in release 3.23.22 (31 Jul 2000)

D.4.40. Changes in release 3.23.21 (04 Jul 2000)

D.4.41. Changes in release 3.23.20 (28 Jun 2000: Beta)

D.4.42. Changes in release 3.23.19

D.4.43. Changes in release 3.23.18 (11 Jun 2000)

D.4.44. Changes in release 3.23.17 (07 Jun 2000)

D.4.45. Changes in release 3.23.16 (16 May 2000)

D.4.46. Changes in release 3.23.15 (08 May 2000)

D.4.47. Changes in release 3.23.14 (09 Apr 2000)

D.4.48. Changes in release 3.23.13 (14 Mar 2000)

D.4.49. Changes in release 3.23.12 (07 Mar 2000)

D.4.50. Changes in release 3.23.11 (16 Feb 2000)

D.4.51. Changes in release 3.23.10 (30 Jan 2000)

D.4.52. Changes in release 3.23.9 (29 Jan 2000)

D.4.53. Changes in release 3.23.8 (02 Jan 2000)

D.4.54. Changes in release 3.23.7 (10 Dec 1999)

D.4.55. Changes in release 3.23.6 (15 Nov 1999)

D.4.56. Changes in release 3.23.5 (20 Oct 1999)

D.4.57. Changes in release 3.23.4 (28 Sep 1999)

D.4.58. Changes in release 3.23.3 (13 Sep 1999)

D.4.59. Changes in release 3.23.2 (09 Aug 1999)

D.4.60. Changes in release 3.23.1 (08 Jul 1999)

D.4.61. Changes in release 3.23.0 (05 Jul 1999: Alpha)

D.5. Changes in release 3.22.x (Old; discontinued)

D.5.1. Changes in release 3.22.35

D.5.2. Changes in release 3.22.34

D.5.3. Changes in release 3.22.33

D.5.4. Changes in release 3.22.32 (14 Feb 2000)

D.5.5. Changes in release 3.22.31

D.5.6. Changes in release 3.22.30 (11 Jan 2000)

D.5.7. Changes in release 3.22.29 (02 Jan 2000)

D.5.8. Changes in release 3.22.28 (20 Oct 1999)

D.5.9. Changes in release 3.22.27 (05 Oct 1999)

D.5.10. Changes in release 3.22.26 (16 Sep 1999)

D.5.11. Changes in release 3.22.25 (07 Jun 1999)

D.5.12. Changes in release 3.22.24 (05 Jul 1999)

D.5.13. Changes in release 3.22.23 (08 Jun 1999)

D.5.14. Changes in release 3.22.22 (30 Apr 1999)

D.5.15. Changes in release 3.22.21 (04 Apr 1999)

D.5.16. Changes in release 3.22.20 (18 Mar 1999)

D.5.17. Changes in release 3.22.19 (01 Mar 1999)

D.5.18. Changes in release 3.22.18 (26 Feb 1999)

D.5.19. Changes in release 3.22.17 (22 Feb 1999: Production)

D.5.20. Changes in release 3.22.16 (05 Feb 1999)

D.5.21. Changes in release 3.22.15 (27 Jan 1999)

D.5.22. Changes in release 3.22.14 (01 Jan 1999: Gamma)

D.5.23. Changes in release 3.22.13 (16 Dec 1998)

D.5.24. Changes in release 3.22.12 (09 Dec 1998)

D.5.25. Changes in release 3.22.11 (24 Nov 1998)

D.5.26. Changes in release 3.22.10 (04 Nov 1998)

D.5.27. Changes in release 3.22.9 (19 Oct 1998)

D.5.28. Changes in release 3.22.8 (06 Oct 1998)

D.5.29. Changes in release 3.22.7 (21 Sep 1998: Beta)

D.5.30. Changes in release 3.22.6 (31 Aug 1998)

D.5.31. Changes in release 3.22.5 (20 Aug 1998: Alpha)

D.5.32. Changes in release 3.22.4 (06 Jul 1998: Beta)

D.5.33. Changes in release 3.22.3 (30 Jun 1998)

D.5.34. Changes in release 3.22.2

D.5.35. Changes in release 3.22.1 (Jun 1998)

D.5.36. Changes in release 3.22.0 (18 May 1998: Alpha)

D.6. Changes in release 3.21.x

D.6.1. Changes in release 3.21.33 (08 Jul 1998)

D.6.2. Changes in release 3.21.32 (30 Jun 1998)

D.6.3. Changes in release 3.21.31 (10 Jun 1998)

D.6.4. Changes in release 3.21.30

D.6.5. Changes in release 3.21.29

D.6.6. Changes in release 3.21.28

D.6.7. Changes in release 3.21.27

D.6.8. Changes in release 3.21.26

D.6.9. Changes in release 3.21.25

D.6.10. Changes in release 3.21.24

D.6.11. Changes in release 3.21.23

D.6.12. Changes in release 3.21.22

D.6.13. Changes in release 3.21.21a

D.6.14. Changes in release 3.21.21

D.6.15. Changes in release 3.21.20

D.6.16. Changes in release 3.21.19

D.6.17. Changes in release 3.21.18

D.6.18. Changes in release 3.21.17

D.6.19. Changes in release 3.21.16

D.6.20. Changes in release 3.21.15

D.6.21. Changes in release 3.21.14b

D.6.22. Changes in release 3.21.14a

D.6.23. Changes in release 3.21.13

D.6.24. Changes in release 3.21.12

D.6.25. Changes in release 3.21.11

D.6.26. Changes in release 3.21.10

D.6.27. Changes in release 3.21.9

D.6.28. Changes in release 3.21.8

D.6.29. Changes in release 3.21.7

D.6.30. Changes in release 3.21.6

D.6.31. Changes in release 3.21.5

D.6.32. Changes in release 3.21.4

D.6.33. Changes in release 3.21.3

D.6.34. Changes in release 3.21.2

D.6.35. Changes in release 3.21.0

D.7. Changes in release 3.20.x

D.7.1. Changes in release 3.20.18

D.7.2. Changes in release 3.20.17

D.7.3. Changes in release 3.20.16

D.7.4. Changes in release 3.20.15

D.7.5. Changes in release 3.20.14

D.7.6. Changes in release 3.20.13

D.7.7. Changes in release 3.20.11

D.7.8. Changes in release 3.20.10

D.7.9. Changes in release 3.20.9

D.7.10. Changes in release 3.20.8

D.7.11. Changes in release 3.20.7

D.7.12. Changes in release 3.20.6

D.7.13. Changes in release 3.20.3

D.7.14. Changes in release 3.20.0

D.8. Changes in release 3.19.x

D.8.1. Changes in release 3.19.5

D.8.2. Changes in release 3.19.4

D.8.3. Changes in release 3.19.3

D.9. InnoDB Change History

D.9.1. MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.21, September 10, 2004

D.9.2. MySQL/InnoDB-4.1.4, August 31, 2004

D.9.3. MySQL/InnoDB-4.1.3, June 28, 2004

D.9.4. MySQL/InnoDB-4.1.2, May 30, 2004

D.9.5. MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.20, May 18, 2004

D.9.6. MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.19, May 4, 2004

D.9.7. MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.18, February 13, 2004

D.9.8. MySQL/InnoDB-5.0.0, December 24, 2003

D.9.9. MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.17, December 17, 2003

D.9.10. MySQL/InnoDB-4.1.1, December 4, 2003

D.9.11. MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.16, October 22, 2003

D.9.12. MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.58, September 15, 2003

D.9.13. MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.15, September 10, 2003

D.9.14. MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.14, July 22, 2003

D.9.15. MySQL/InnoDB-3.23.57, June 20, 2003

D.9.16. MySQL/InnoDB-4.0.